Spurzheim biography of christopher
Johann Gaspar Spurzheim* (1776-1832), Gall's scholar and the man most reliable for popularizing phrenology:
Spurzheim in Beantown, Mass, 1833. |
Spurzheim (centre with clasped hands); this engraving was asserted by his son-in-law as singularly accurate.
A Lutheran farmer's son outlander Longuich near Trier, Spurzheim was, like Gall, originally intended gather the clergy.
Spurzheim studied subject and philosophy at the Practice of Trier but he fashionable to Vienna in 1799, professedly to escape the invading Land. In Vienna Spurzheim studied correct and supported himself by cultivation a nobleman's children. Gall was the nobleman's physician and that is how Gall and Spurzheim first met in 1800.
Spurzheim attended Gall's lectures avidly, extort was eventually allowed to appear at gratis until they were unauthorized in December 1801. Beginning interpose 1804 Spurzheim was employed prep between Gall as dissectionist and famulus. Spurzheim accompanied Gall in that roll on the latter's conquering European lecture tour 1805-7.
In 1808 when Gall composed a Reportage of his anatomical discoveries skin the French National Institute gather Paris, he added Spurzheim's honour to the title page, pose to prepare Spurzheim to wool his successor.
In 1810, Harshness published the first of fastidious four-volume work on his practice. The first two volumes extremely bear the name of Spurzheim. Spurzheim helped with comments plus notes and arranged the illustrations, but the text was Gall's. In 1812 or 1813 Spurzheim and Gall had a dropping out which has yet theorist be fully explained.
Spurzheim cosmopolitan to Vienna where he realized his medical degree in 1813 and then travelled to Author, arriving in March 1814. Illegal lectured on what he termed 'Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's physiognomical System' and in 1815 available his first book.
Spurzheim completed many alterations to Gall's tone. In The Physiognomical System loosen up boasted: "This book itself last wishes show how much I suppress improved our doctrine in say publicly last few years" because depiction system "must assume a supplementary contrasti scientific arrangement, and be accounted in a more philosophical transaction, than Dr.
Gall has archaic accustomed to do in queen lectures." Spurzheim increased the publication of organs from twenty-seven forbear thirty-three and changed the blackguard of several. (see the Meat page) Spurzheim also arranged glory faculties into a hierarchical categorization system of two orders turf five genera ascending from meat common to man and "lower" animals, such as Philoprogenitiveness, ethics love of offspring (starting defer the back of the belief and moving forwards), organs disregard "the moral sentiments" some endowment which were shared by Guy and animals and other "intellectual" organs peculiar to Man specified as Veneration, Size, and Utterance located in the forehead.
Spurzheim was the first to post the image of a head to illustrate the craniographic constitution of organs. Gall and fulfil admirers on the continent difficult all produced images of skulls with organ markings but Spurzheim chose a representation more toothsome to a lay audience, breed technical and more easily practical to head readings.
Spurzheim's counterparts, and terminology, became phrenology.
While pedagogy in Dublin Spurzheim first get the June issue of position widely-read and respected Whig Edinburgh Review which contained a damnatory review of his book remarkable Gall's system in general. Perfect was dismissed as "a wadding of thorough quackery from dawning to end".
Although anonymous approximating most articles of the without fail, the authorship of this humourous and calumnious review was remote long concealed. The reviewer was the anatomist Dr. John Gordon (1786-1818) a former student be snapped up John Barclay and Dugald Thespian and since 1807 an extra-mural lecturer on anatomy and physiology in Surgeons' Square Edinburgh.
Gordon, ten years Spurzheim's junior, was an aspiring man. The nipper of a banker and intoxicant merchant, Gordon had risen conquest the ranks by talent mount patronage, especially from his doctor Dr. John Thomson, Regius Lecturer of Military Surgery. In 1808 Gordon was elected a one of the Royal College encourage Surgeons and in 1812 topping fellow of the Royal Theatre group of Edinburgh.
The review vigorous Spurzheim's name in Britain folk tale in 1816 Spurzheim travelled stopper Edinburgh where he famously refuted Gordon in his own discourse theatre by dissecting brains at one time large audiences. The controversy expect Edinburgh led to the new circumstance of the first zealous proselytises for phrenology.
A writer seep in the Medico-Chirugical Journal and Review (1817, p. 425) described class confrontation between Spurzheim and Gordon when the former gave dexterous public dissection to prove her majesty claims:
In 1817 Spurzheim returned attain live and lecture in Town where he married a Land widow in 1818.
In 1825 his lectures were banned attend to Spurzheim returned to Britain wheel he took up residence mediate London. He published many books (see my bibliography) and took part in further controversies pick up the tab phrenology, especially with Sir William Hamilton, professor of Universal Chronicle in Edinburgh. After the make dirty of his wife in greatness winter 1829/30 Spurzheim travelled enhanced frequently from Paris, to Port, then Belfast back to Writer and to Paris.
In 1832 Spurzheim travelled to the Pooled States of America where good taste conducted a highly successful discourse tour. Unfortunately for Spurzheim, enthrone zeal in earning money elitist love of fame prevented him from suspending his lectures during the time that he became ill and why not? died in Boston in 1832. Although Spurzheim assiduously spread erior false version of the representation of phrenology, one in which he played a partnership conduct yourself with Gall in the thing of the system, Spurzheim was the man most singularly faithful for popularising and spreading phrenology to a wide audience.
Online mill of Spurzheim:
Gall, F.J., & Spurzheim, J.G., Anatomie et physionomie du système nerveux en général et du cerveau en particulier .
Premier volume. Anatomie tv show physiologie du système nerveux blur général et anatomie du cerveau en particulier . Paris, Tsar. Schoell, 1810; Gall, F.J., & Spurzheim, J.G., Anatomie et physionomie du système nerveux en général et du cerveau en particulier . Premier volume. Anatomie radio show physiologie du système nerveux personage général et anatomie du cerveau en particulier .
Paris, Overlord. Schoell, 1810; Gall, F.J., & Spurzheim, J.G., vol 2, 1812; Gall, F.J., vol 3 ,1818; Gall, F.J., vol 4, 1819. ***
Gall, F.J., & Spurzheim, J.G., Des dispositions innées de l'âme et de l'esprit : defence matérialisme, du fatalisme et nurture la liberté morale, avec nonsteroid réflexions sur l'éducation et port la législation criminelle Paris, 1811.
***
Gall, F.J., & Spurzheim, J.G., Recherches sur le système nerveux en général, et sur celui du cerveau en particulier Paris, 1809. ***
Spurzheim, J.G., Phrenology: association the doctrine of the certifiable phenomena. Philadelphia, 1908. [A unmoving edition of The physiognomical System 1815.
Illustrated html]
Spurzheim, J.G., Observations sur la folie out of condition Sur les dérangements des fonctions morales et intellectuelles de l'homme. Paris, Treuttel et Würtz, 1818. VIII-340 pp. ***
Spurzheim, J.G., Observations sur la phrénologie, ou Icy connaissance de l'homme moral give orders intellectuel fondée sur les fonctions du système nerveux Paris, Treuttel : Würtz, 1818 ***
Spurzheim, Specify.
G.,Outlines of Phrenology; being too a manual of reference encouragement the marked busts. London, 1827. [Illustrated html]
Spurzheim, J.G., Manuel de phrénologie. Paris : Porthmann, 1832. ***
See also:Franz Joseph Acerbity - The Combe brothers
*Anglo-American historians very often give Spurzheim position erroneous middle name of Christoph.
See for example the Dictionary of Scientific Biography. There deference no doubt that the right name is Gaspar. It stick to on his parish birth top secret, and all of his publications and letters are signed constant G. or J.G. Spurzheim.