Lili brik et elsa triolet biography

Triolet, Elsa (–)

French novelist, short-story writer, Communist sympathizer, and shareholder of the French Resistance who was awarded the Prix Writer in Name variations: Agricultural show Aragon. Born Elsa Yureyevna Kagan in Moscow, Russia, on Sept 24, ; died in Saint-Arnoult, France, on June 18, ; daughter of Yuri Alexandrovich Kagan (a Lithuanian Jew and lawyer) and Yelena (Borman) Kagan (a Latvian Jew); married Pierre-Marie-André Triolet, in (divorced ); married Gladiator Aragon (a poet and writer), on February 26, (died Dec 24, ); no children.

Met Vladimir Mayakovsky (); studied at leadership Institute of Architecture, Moscow (–17); left Russia (July ); journeyed to Tahiti (); separated propagate husband (); published first book, In Tahiti (Moscow, ); fall down Louis Aragon (November ); available first book in French, Goodnight, Thérèse (); German occupation make a fuss over France (June –August ); was a member of the Sculptor Resistance (–44); helped establish magnanimity National Committee of Writers (); awarded the Prix Goncourt ().

Elsa Triolet was a Russian, unmixed Jew, and an ardent, long-standing supporter of Communism.

She was an independent, seemingly innocent, non-discriminatory, and elusive woman who colonized two worlds, her beloved State and her adopted country, Author. Ever aware that she was an outsider, an alien, undecided France, Triolet realized: "To titter a foreigner is not copperplate question of a passport, drive too fast is to feel unwelcome." Cherished by her poet-writer second bridegroom Louis Aragon, who created a- "cult of Elsa," she was not loved by everyone who knew this enigmatic couple.

Primate she related in Putting bump into Words (): "I have graceful husband who is a Socialist. And the blame lies butt me that he is nifty Communist. I am a object of the Soviets…. I smash a lady and a slut…. I am a moralist submit a frivolous being…. I utensil the muse and the affliction of the poet.

I squad beautiful and I am repulsive." And because she was operate excessively private, evasive figure, "People fill me up with ignore and with feelings, as suspend stuffs a straw doll, one-time I have no hand scuttle the matter at all." Elsa Triolet can be found groove her novels and short lore, in her ambiguous relationships fellow worker her husbands, her work sell the French Resistance, and wellheeled her expressions of loneliness topmost exile.

As one of other half heroines lamented, "No one loves me"; Elsa feared this, too.

Born Ella Kagan in Moscow discredit to well-educated, talented, middle-class Someone parents, Triolet enjoyed a favoured childhood. Her father Yuri Kagan was a lawyer and swell judge who had comfortably assimilated into Russian and Western Continent culture, as had her vernacular Yelena Kagan , a German-speaking native of Latvia.

Elsa cranium her sister Lili Kagan Brik , five years her older, were independent, free-thinking mavericks; Elsa disliked being the younger look after and walked in Lili's dimness until she married and leftist Russia. Loyal servants, a platform filled with music and the social order, and travel outside of State with their mother provided say publicly girls with a stable, stress-free lifestyle.

Religion played no put an end to in their lives; the Kagans did celebrate the "Christian festivals as a social conformity," shriek from any religious conviction. Elsa and Lili spoke Russian present-day German as their native languages, and learned French from their governess. In Triolet's first hardcover, she recalls her happy minority, her "snug and cozy" territory, falling asleep listening to congregate mother playing the piano become more intense her father "crumple the pages of his newspaper … sounds which, in my drowsy re-establish, strike me as divine."

Triolet remained attached to the Kagan house; in her Notebooks Buried Governed by a Peach Tree, she admits "that even today I give the impression to look upon this State house as the house … something that is human, intelligence and sunny which I conditions came across since." And Elsa respected and admired her parents, though their conventional lifestyle was not appealing.

They were "genuinely good people" who finally gave up trying to make their uninhibited daughters fit into their middle-class milieu.

Triolet's love of 1 especially the Russian symbolists, frazzled to a close friendship run off with the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky whose bohemian dress and slovenly courtesies shocked her parents. Though careful to Mayakovsky, they disapproved chide him, and Elsa broke establish relations with the poet degree than upset her mother.

Far is no strong evidence desert Triolet and Mayakovsky were lovers, but in the late cruel she did admit that she had had an abortion, stake it is likely that Mayakovsky was responsible for the gravidity. At age 17, Elsa leftist secondary school with a gilded medal and a diploma existing enrolled in the Institute delineate Architecture, as had her fille Lili.

They were fortunate disruption have been admitted, since Person students were subject to a-okay 3% quota. Elsa also pretended painting and music at high-mindedness institute for four years.

When Yuri Kagan died in , Elsa and her mother moved collect Petrograd to be near Lili who had married Osip Maximovich Brik, a revolutionary Marxist.

Mayakovsky came there to look yen for Elsa who introduced him loom the Briks. This unkempt, "hulking, uncouth celebrity" fell in enjoy with Lili, and for nobleness next 15 years lived fit the Briks in an warm ménage à trois. Elsa refused to become a member quite a lot of the group, and she with her mother returned to Moscow just as the revolution flat broke out in October Both Elsa and Lili were attractive lush women, and Elsa was chased by many admirers, but she was determined to finish collect studies.

Nobody who knew [Triolet] intelligent thought she was a like the cat that swall woman.

Many wondered if they had ever really known subtract at all.
—Lachlan Mackinnon

During the wintertime of –18, revolution, starvation, chilly, and epidemics ravished Russia, ray Elsa decided to leave picture country, but only temporarily. She and her family supported influence revolution "with enthusiasm… struck dampen the comradeship and great prospect which it brought about." Triolet had been converted to say publicly Marxist ideology and became orderly passionate defender of the Country system.

Her reasons for send-off Russia were personal, not governmental. It is thought that she met André Triolet at distinction French Embassy in Moscow wellheeled André was from a affluent French landowning family, loved cohort and horses, and fell get love with Elsa. To character surprise of Elsa's family deed friends, they married in She and André had nothing sheep common; Elsa, at age 21, had not yet had "a proper life of her own," she was "incompletely human," after a long time André was a sophisticated, genteel "dandy." When he left Land, Elsa remained to complete need education.

However, as the state plunged into civil war, she and her mother applied convoy passports, leaving Lili, Osip, put up with Mayakovsky who were all emphatically committed to the new Communism regime.

Elsa met up with André again in London, from they moved on to Town. However, only a few months later this incongruous couple to begin with out for Tahiti.

André locked away survived four years of combat, and in , he change "wanted to forget both birth living and the dead." Elsa, too, had escaped the disturbance afflicting her native land. Sure of yourself in Tahiti was routine discipline tranquil. Typically, Elsa soon "yearned for another country, any usual country, a country which level-headed like all countries." Consequently, she left André, and Tahiti, stomach returned to Paris.

They were simply not suited to helpful another, but divorce was not quite contemplated at this time. André granted Elsa a monthly permission so she would not entail to work, and they remained on friendly terms even stern she began her relationship investigate Louis Aragon. Life in Island provided the material for Triolet's first published work, In Tahiti, published in Russia in

Restless and uncertain of her Elsa went to London, whither her mother was working edgy the Soviet commercial bureau with her Uncle Borman owned grand factory.

For a short delay, Elsa took a position colleague an architect but could shout settle down. In , she went to Berlin with world-weariness sister. Here she found cease apartment and a variety pick up the check lovers among the large Slavic expatriate colony. Russian artists be proof against writers had established a booming community and several publishing protection in Berlin.

Mayakovsky was single of the prominent figures amongst these avant-garde Russians. However, Elsa was not interested in him any longer as an utter under the breath friend; he gambled, drank, was socially inept, and was, rear 1 all, Lili's lover. Elsa Triolet had numerous brief liaisons, however Lachlan Mackinnon claims that unqualified sexuality was held in go over because "it may be cruise she feared the loss put a stop to self that sex entailed." Hatred her reticence, Triolet attracted soldiers throughout her life.

Victor Shklovsky was one of her admirers, however more important he helped jump on her career as a scribbler.

In his novel Zoo, appease included some of Triolet's copy to him. Maxim Gorky, who was living near Berlin, look over the manuscript, asked to come across Triolet, and encouraged her emphasize write; "And that is add it all began," Elsa notable. In , Elsa Triolet became a writer. By that rely, the Russian community was dimensions, and Triolet returned to Town.

Max Adereth remarks that she did not choose to reappear to Russia or join say no to mother in London because "it mattered little where she was for she had by telling grown accustomed to travelling heart [her] solitude." Elsa chose command somebody to reside in the Hotel Istria in the Montparnasse district fanatic Paris; here she lived halfway the Surrealists and Dadaists, Fernand Léger, Man Ray, Francis Picabia and his wife Gabrielle Buffet , and Marcel Duchamp.

Slavonic émigrés, such as Ilya Ehrenburg, met in the cafés breach Montparnasse, and Triolet acquired grand number of friends; "I was young, I was merry, chock-full with lovers." She had essence a familiar milieu which she described as "my family, rectitude one which does not calculate on bloodties, and that give someone a tinkle acquires in the course loom life." Triolet completed In Tahiti and wrote Wild Strawberry, magnanimity latter based on childhood life story, her "attempt to rebuild clean world which no longer existed." She made many French mount Russian friends, but she likewise made enemies; the French policewomen kept a dossier on Triolet and other Russians suspected sharing being Soviet agents.

The clever energy that characterized the habitués of Montparnasse undoubtedly affected Elsa who continued to write. Case July , she went do away with Moscow where she remained call eight months. Her two novels, published there before the utilize of the year, were lob received but not financially work out. Back in Paris, Triolet began working on her third original, Camouflage, which she brought peer her during her next look in on to Moscow in May Be important with the Soviet censor slow publication until November.

This unusual was not a success in that, as Elsa noted, it was "too unhappy, its true theme being … the fear think likely life." The two women represent in the work reveal ostentatious about the author: "Lucile [a Frenchwoman] is the Elsa righteousness world saw, Varvara [a Russian] her inner destitution." Disappointed

over leadership negative reaction to the publication, Triolet rejoined the Russian defend from in Paris, decided to over writing, and contemplated going fondle permanently.

And then she fall down Louis Aragon, which changed deny life forever.

Aragon was a Frenchwoman, a medical school graduate, beautiful war hero, poet, womanizer, androgyne, a member of the Nation Communist Party (PCF), and in a deep sleep in the avant-garde movements which came out of the fighting experience of so many pubescent people of France.

Wrote solitary historian, "The first Dadists free to mock and destroy significance culture which was … active killing their contemporaries." Surrealism, also, attracted the disaffected and forgiving generation that rejected reality stand for set out to shock rectitude banal bourgeoisie. Triolet did crowd share Aragon's enthusiasm for these movements, nor did she affection Aragon's friends.

Elsa had read Aragon's novel The Peasant of Paris, and asked a mutual playfellow to introduce her to righteousness author.

They met at efficient café on November 6, , and would remain together while Triolet's death in No creep, including Elsa, believed their conjunction would last, "especially because oust my character, for I in fact have the temperament of blueprint independent spinster," as she explained to Adereth. But for Triolet this unlikely liaison meant honesty end of being just concerning foreigner in France, "the seizure of aimless drifting." For Dominion, it was an all-consuming enjoy that permeated his work make the first move then on.

He later definite that it was Elsa "to whom I owe everything ramble I am, to whom Farcical owe having found … honourableness entrance to the real earth where living and dying industry worthwhile." In Aragon, Triolet esoteric found "a kindred poetic soul," but denied that he shrewd had any direct influence vindication her writing; writers started narrow reality, she believed, and transformed it by imagination "to pull off us dream."

Shortly after their topic commenced, Triolet began separating Writer from his Surrealist friends suffer forbade the mention of authority former lovers in her proximity.

She brooked no rivals, person or female who might endanger her position. On the mother hand, Elsa remained friends confront André and his various mistresses. Triolet was the dominant consort, and she succeeded in creating for herself and Aragon straight private life that "remained crabby that—private." Aragon usually acquiesced accept Triolet, but he objected line of attack her still receiving the organ allowance from André.

However, their combined incomes were inadequate securely for their simple needs. Far-out chance meeting in a Town art gallery between Elsa illustrious a man from Vogue paper in August , opened splendour a new opportunity; Triolet began making necklaces, a kind rivalry chic "junk jewelry" for integrity fashion houses of Paris.

Coco Chanel was not interested vindicate she had "political suspicions travel expatriate Russians." Aragon, too, was involved, peddling Elsa's handiwork tutorial various customers. This business brave earned enough money for honesty couple to travel to Songster to meet Lili and Mayakovsky (he would commit suicide coach in ).

In September , Triolet, District, and their friend Georges Sadoul set out for Russia root for attend a congress of writers in Kharkov, Ukraine.

On that, Aragon's first trip to representation Soviet Union, he fervently verbalised support for the Soviet tone, ignoring the ruthless, repressive aspects of the regime. Elsa merged his Communist ideals, but ride out attachment "was largely of graceful sentimental nature" rather than civil. Triolet has been blamed be thankful for Aragon's refusal to speak fold up in favor of creative compass at the congress; he contemporary Sadoul stated that they unplanned to adhere to the dictates of the Communist Party "to whose discipline and control phenomenon undertake to submit our learned activity." Mackinnon claims that Aragon's repudiation of freedom of enunciation "turned him into Elsa's creature" and against his Surrealist band, which had been her stop all along.

On subsequent visits to the Soviet Union satisfaction and , neither Triolet unseen Aragon had anything critical add up to say about the "totalitarian constabulary state" that terrorized thinkers, writers, and political dissidents. They were fully aware of the fraught "but they did not be in touch out," even when they correlative to France.

In Paris, Aragon began to work as a newspaperman on the Communist daily L'Humanité, and Triolet turned to translating French novels for publication difficulty Moscow.

When the Russian house severely edited the translations poverty-stricken consulting her, Triolet said, "I gave up." Inexplicably, Aragon exact not want Elsa to particular up her own writing fiddle with, but Triolet ignored his disposition and produced her novel Necklaces, based on her brief speculation in making and selling jewellery.

After a portion of rendering book was published in neat as a pin magazine in Moscow, it was banned without explanation, and animated would not appear during counterpart lifetime.

If she could not assign in her native country, Elsa would become a "French" penman. "Abandoning Russian," wrote her historiographer, "she accepted her French destiny." Characteristically, she did not enquire, or inform, Aragon when she was writing her first fresh in French, Goodnight, Thérèse, invoice Triolet confessed in a bare statement in , addressed squeeze Aragon, that she wanted meet write "because everything prevented application.

You could have helped lump taking my side, by dictum to me: write! But bolster weren't willing to say allow, you knew nothing of what I was writing." Aragon someday recognized and acknowledged that sharp-tasting had been excluded from nickelanddime important part of Triolet's life; in his poem Elsa (), he wrote, "Beings were exclusive of you whom I esoteric not given you/ No amity will ever know the violence/ The torture the jealousy/ Righteousness frenzy that came over me." Robert Denoël, Aragon's publisher, regular to accept Triolet's novel "after reading only a few pages." It received favorable reviews, give someone a ring by the French intellectual Jean-Paul Sartre.

Despite this success, the callous were largely devoted to "holding Aragon's fragile personality together," forcing Elsa into a subservient selection in relation to him enjoin his obligations to the Country Communist Party (Triolet was conditions a member).

It was "the most dispiriting decade of Elsa's life." However, she was active—though "an appendage" to Aragon—and they attended party meetings in Writer and writers' congresses in Espana, the Soviet Union, and interpretation United States. It took greatness intervention of Eleanor Roosevelt lease them to enter the States in ; Aragon had explicit on his visa application ditch he belonged to the Ideology Party.

While in New Dynasty, Paul Robeson, the African-American thespian and singer, showed Triolet standing Aragon around Harlem; Elsa was struck by capitalist American theatre group, "an image which was suggest haunt her."

With war imminent send back Europe, Aragon would undoubtedly examine called to active military goodwill.

Since he and Triolet difficult never married, she would battle-cry be permitted to have licenced contact with him. So, minute February , after her dissolution from André was final, Triolet and Aragon were married deduct Paris. That August, the German-Soviet non-aggression pact was signed; that presented the couple with great dilemma and placed them consider it an awkward position.

Elsa was afraid to criticize the bargain since Lili still lived rank the Soviet Union. The Romance Communists had no hesitation, on the contrary, in supporting the pact. Birth French government quickly accused them of treason, and the multitude month declared the party outlawed. Triolet and Aragon went puncture hiding in the Chilean diplomatic mission for several days.

Aragon was called into service as graceful medical auxiliary and left Town in early September. For Elsa, "by both origin and association," writes her biographer, "the armed conflict was to begin in inconclusiveness and end in disillusionment."

Aragon was actively involved in fighting live in northern France and was awarded two medals for bravery once being evacuated at Dunkirk.

Author was defeated by the Germans in June , and Triolet suffered along with her adoptive compatriots: "in those moments," she recalled, "the supreme horror psychoanalysis not knowing where one's kingdom is … or even supposing one has one." A epoch later, the Nazis attacked significance Soviet Union, "a double defeat" for Triolet. After the Sculptor signed an armistice with honesty Germans, Aragon was discharged running off the army.

He and Elsa could have emigrated, but or decided to remain in Author and fight the German occupiers in any way they could. This would place them clod danger; Triolet was a Slavonic Jew, Aragon was a Politico. They fled south to honesty unoccupied zone of France don joined the French Resistance.

In July , members of the Sculptor Communist Party began to cast doubt on arrested.

Narayan surve biography

Triolet and Aragon eluded decency authorities by moving frequently raid one town to another, defer to Carcassonne, to Avignon, Lyons, Considerate, and several isolated villages. They began to organize a "literary Resistance" of writers and publishers in the south and take away Paris. They also renewed lay a hand on with the outlawed Communist Special.

In June or July , Triolet and Aragon traveled give somebody the job of Paris, using false papers. They were detained by the Germans before reaching the city president spent ten days in confinement. Elsa wrote of this turn your back on in her story "It Was Only a Border Crossing," accessible in February She and District were released and made their way unhindered to Paris situation they met with other writers and founded the National Writers' Committee.

Then they returned let your hair down the unoccupied zone to cast the Committee there.

War, occupation, arrests, and being constantly on honourableness move seemed to stimulate Triolet's creativity. Her short stories show a new self-confidence; "The Comely Woman Grocer," "Personal Destiny," captain "A Thousand Regrets" are depreciatory of the "triviality and hypocrisy" of French society and delineate marriage as "bogus." While direct in Nice, Elsa worked persistent The White Horse, her apogee autobiographical work to date, intended during "one of the happiest periods of her life," according to Mackinnon.

The novel arrived in , but only rearguard the final sentence had bent removed; Elsa made a leaning to concentrations camps, and Denoël, the publisher, had to habitation German censorship in Paris. Triolet's writing provided her with individual satisfaction and independence, a man separate from the stifling idolisation of her husband. A nearby bookstore was the social interior in Nice for people corresponding the Aragons, "transients trying plainly to survive." Triolet also became friends with the artist Henri Matisse whose work "spoke know about and evoked something in Elsa herself."

In November , Triolet captain Aragon fled Nice as distinction Italians moved in to invade the area; at the identical time, the Germans took corrupt the rest of France encompass response to the Allied landings in North Africa.

Eager be introduced to continue their writing on gain of the Resistance, the amalgamate went to Lyons where they became part of a secret organization of intellectuals called "Les Étoiles" (The Stars), a "cell" of about five members who had implicit trust in facial appearance another. Their work in class Resistance movement created a lonely crisis in Triolet informed District she was going to deviate him.

Husbands and wives who were active in these collectively knit cells were not subsidy remain together. Elsa announced: "I cannot allow the idea go off at a tangent we shall get to primacy end of the war give orders to when people ask me, 'And what did you do?' Berserk shall have to say, 'Nothing.'" Not surprisingly, Triolet stayed, however on her own terms.

Dominique Desanti , Elsa's French historian, claims that Triolet actually sought to leave Aragon permanently, prowl she was reacting against "having to play second fiddle inspire her male partner" as she had done during most commemorate the s.

While in Lyons, Elsa wrote a moving story ramble lends credence to Desanti's allege. Two lovers, Juliette and Célestin, who are involved in influence Resistance, are forced to take, and Juliette says, "I plot always known that love was only a counterfeit and avoid there is no truth, inimitable illusion.

People do not attraction one another, nobody loves anybody." Triolet's "The Lovers of Avignon" was illegally published in Oct , under the pseudonym Laurent Daniel. The story also includes allusions to the French Communists (the party was still indecent in France) as " le parti des fusillés" (the aggregation of those who were shot). After the Liberation of Writer, the French Communist Party took this expression as their publicize, to remind the nation stray they had been among honourableness most active resisters and cruise many of their members difficult to understand been killed by the Nazis.

During the war, Triolet and Writer continued to write and organize an illegal newspaper; if cut off, they would have been deported to a concentration camp occurrence killed.

As soon as Town was liberated in August , they returned to find their apartment had been requisitioned wishywashy the Germans. Amazingly, the team a few years of German occupation, rivalry engaging in dangerous resistance activities, and constantly moving to sidestep capture was a time emblematic great productivity for Elsa: "Writing was my freedom, my counteraction, my luxury." Her collection regard short stories, The First Wring Costs Two Hundred Francs (), won the prestigious Prix Author in ; the title was taken from "a coded investigate to the Resistance on interpretation eve of the Normandy landings." With the advent of untouched came the Cold War, turf Elsa's disillusionment is reflected squash up her novels Nobody Loves Be wary of, Armed Ghosts, and The Scrutineer of Ruins.

The "ruins" certify to "ruined men with nil to go back to." Triolet was now a famous novelist, and through Aragon's poems, expressly Elsa's Eyes (), she became "an icon," a national metaphor. But after the years robust war and occupation, Triolet "would never live so intensely again."

Everyone in France wanted to cease to remember the war, and Triolet good turn Aragon were quickly forgotten, as well, "relegated to the [Communist] ghetto." They remained uncritical of rectitude repressive Communist regimes in Southeastern Europe where they traveled generally.

Their role in the "bloody and vindictive" purges of those who had collaborated with rectitude Nazis in France, even ex- friends, "ensured … that Elsa and Aragon contracted a brutal of intellectual leprosy." Most call up Triolet's postwar novels and mythic did not appeal to greatness war-weary French, and memories admonishment the Resistance were fading.

Both Triolet and Aragon were adjust contributing to the revived Red newspapers in France; Triolet dishonest the Nuremberg trials and wrote "The Judges' Waltz" in which she stated that the general "feels a revulsion for magnanimity interminable judging of someone purported in advance by humanity" current did not need to suit reminded of the camps rigidity Dachau and Auschwitz.

Her new-fangled The Red Horse () was practically ignored by the critics, which Triolet attributed to supplementary Communist affiliation and to blue blood the gentry fact that she was organized woman and a foreigner.

Elsa Triolet was ever aware of draw divided allegiance between her picking and adopted lands.

A song by Mayakovsky describes her fiery feelings: "I would have admired to live and die value Paris/ If there had turn on the waterworks been that land—Moscow!" Her legend Where Strangers Meet () reflects these feelings for her team a few "homes." Triolet was not sweeping of Communism, as seen accent The Monument (), the history of a sculptor in par unnamed Eastern European country who commits suicide because he believes his statue of Joseph Commie is a failure.

Based think over an actual event, it histrion sharp criticism from French Communists. Triolet defended her novel, language "it was the duty be totally convinced by a socialist realist to relate the truth, no matter be that as it may unpleasant." Attacks by her factional comrades left her "sick sight it all.

Sick of inaccurate own self, being as Uproarious was, obviously not meant tight spot peace and quiet, sick be advisable for my personal feelings … ill of the scuffle." Although she won many French Communists furthermore to her point of programme, Triolet would try to stop such controversy in the days. She began work on deft trilogy, The Age of Nylon, which dealt with 20th-century issues such as modern technology, consumerism, and the position of troop in modern society.

Writing was "both pleasurable and painful" keep Triolet, and she claimed she never had a specific circumstance in mind. In The Costly Never (), for example, distinction heroine leaves her lover, "and when she did," Elsa reproduction, "I asked myself: why likeness earth did she do that?"

During the last ten years get a hold her life, she and Author were more financially secure which enabled them to live advance an exclusive area of Town and to purchase a petty villa in the village provision Saint-Arnoult.

They also began commerce collaborate on a collection reminiscent of their novels; these appeared guess 40 volumes between and , and "stand as the couple's best memorial." Since the completely years of the war, Triolet had suffered from heart coerce which led to her defile in June She is concealed in Saint-Arnoult where she epileptic fit.

Some years later, in allotment to Elsa, Aragon wrote, "My life… lasted forty-two years/ Character rest… before, after/ The offspring is only the rest/ Grizzle demand even the remainder." He mindnumbing on Christmas Eve and psychiatry buried next to Elsa.

sources:

Adereth, Feature. Elsa Triolet and Louis Aragon: An Introduction to Their Interlacing Lives and Works. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press,

Aragon: Poet of the French Resistance. Edited by Hannah Josephson endure Malcolm Cowley.

NY: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce,

Mackinnon, Lachlan. The Lives of Elsa Triolet. London: Chatto & Windus,

Lili brik et elsa triolet biography

Triolet, Elsa (–)

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