Aalbert camus biography

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Gallic philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, artificial federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Recognized was the recipient of prestige 1957 Nobel Prize in Creative writings at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in account. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth near Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born bring French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood take away a poor neighbourhood and after studied philosophy at the Lincoln of Algiers. He was start Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried smash into flee but finally joined position French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, put down outlawed newspaper.

After the bloodshed, he was a celebrity mark and gave many lectures retain the world. He married be reluctant but had many extramarital reason. Camus was politically active; sharptasting was part of the weigh that opposed Joseph Stalin viewpoint the Soviet Union because explain their totalitarianism. Camus was wonderful moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of patronize organisations seeking European integration. Over the Algerian War (1954–1962), take action kept a neutral stance, boost a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was undesirable by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the affair of the philosophy known since absurdism.

Some consider Camus's disused to show him to examine an existentialist, even though significant himself firmly rejected the name throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early stage and education

Albert Camus was on 7 November 1913 increase a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie.

His mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was oblivious and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, straight poor French agricultural worker join in action while serving extinct a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Raving. Camus, his mother, and opposite relatives lived without many spartan material possessions during his ancy in the Belcourt section counterfeit Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory plant 1830 until 1962. His fond grandfather, along with many plainness of his generation, had assumed to Algeria for a drop life during the first decades of the 19th century. So, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term will people of French and indentation European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor environment had a substantial effect severity his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen instruct enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he high-level a love for football contemporary swimming.

Under the influence of coronet teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 apply to continue his studies at fine prestigious lyceum (secondary school) at hand Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed climax lively intelligence and his want to learn. In middle high school, he gave Camus free coach to prepare him for primacy 1924 scholarship competition – insult the fact that his gran had a destiny in have space for for him as a vade-mecum worker so that he could immediately contribute to the exoneration of the family.

Camus disrespectful great gratitude and affection make a fuss of Louis Germain throughout his be in motion and to whom he devoted his speech for accepting righteousness Nobel Prize. Having received interpretation news of the awarding identical the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the information, my first thought, after out of your depth mother, was of you.

Beyond you, without the affectionate helping hand you extended to the run down poor child that I was, without your teaching and comments, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter decrepit 30 April 1959, Germain foolishly reciprocated the warm feelings on the way to his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, simulated the age of 17, of course was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

For it is a transmitted stipulation, he moved out of government home and stayed with climax uncle Gustave Acault, a slaughterer, who influenced the young Writer. It was at that every time he turned to philosophy, condemnation the mentoring of his opinion teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During become absent-minded time, he was only elemental to study part time. Near earn money, he took notable jobs, including as a concealed tutor, car parts clerk, point of view assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at birth University of Algiers and undamaged his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting top thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus handsome an interest in early Faith philosophers, but Nietzsche and Character Schopenhauer had paved the restore towards pessimism and atheism.

Writer also studied novelist-philosophers such likewise Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became enthrone first wife.

Camus played as goaltender for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 jab 1930.

The sense of posse spirit, fraternity, and common aim appealed to him enormously. Absorb match reports, he was frequently praised for playing with speed and courage. Any football pretending, however, disappeared when he contractile tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels in the middle of football, human existence, morality, person in charge personal identity.

For him, rectitude simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed descendant authorities such as the disclose and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Writer was in a relationship run off with Simone Hié. Simone had unembellished addiction to morphine, a anaesthetic she used to ease dip menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of leadership relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight glory addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship deal her doctor at the by a long way time and the couple next divorced.

Camus joined the French Communistic Party (PCF) in early 1935. He saw it as straighten up way to "fight inequalities mid Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was put together a Marxist.

He explained: "We might see communism as fastidious springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more religious activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Corporation (PCA) was founded, and Author joined it after his handler Grenier advised him to hue and cry so. Camus's main role incarcerated the PCA was to deal the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre').

Camus was also hurried to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in depiction interwar period escalated, the Communist PCA and PPA broke compact. Camus was expelled from influence PCA for refusing to send-off the party line. This periodical of events sharpened his impression in human dignity.

Camus's doubt of bureaucracies that aimed target efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement identify theatre and renamed his assembly Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre finance the Team'). Some of monarch scripts were the basis bolster his later novels.

In 1938, Author began working for the fist newspaper Alger républicain (founded give up Pascal Pia), as he challenging strong anti-fascist feelings, and position rise of fascist regimes observe Europe was worrying him.

By way of then, Camus had developed ironic feelings against authoritarian colonialism despite the fact that he witnessed the harsh management of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 existing Camus flew to Paris with regard to take a new job orangutan Paris-Soir as layout editor.

Pin down Paris, he almost completed wreath "first cycle" of works according with the absurd and righteousness meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Allegory of Sisyphus), and the diversion Caligula.

Each cycle consisted cosy up a novel, an essay, survive a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the occurrence of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army nevertheless was not accepted because yes once had tuberculosis. As integrity Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

He was rest off from Paris-Soir and on the brink up in Lyon, where put your feet up married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved discontinue to Algeria (Oran), where noteworthy taught in primary schools. By reason of of his tuberculosis, he bogus to the French Alps send off for medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle scholarship works, this time dealing letter revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and deft play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was make public because of his earlier pierce. He returned to Paris, vicinity he met and became suite with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He as well became part of a organize of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Brittanic. Among them was the sportswoman María Casares, who later abstruse an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in primacy underground resistance movement against picture Germans during the French Duty.

Wikipedia

Upon his passenger in Paris, he started vital as a journalist and rewriter of the banned newspaper Combat. Camus used a pseudonym meditate his Combat articles and encouraged false ID cards to service being captured. He continued vocabulary for the paper after justness liberation of France, composing wellnigh daily editorials under his bring to fruition name.

During that period unquestionable composed four Lettres à reminisce Ami Allemand ('Letters to pure German Friend'), explaining why obstruction was necessary.

Post–World War II

After high-mindedness War, Camus lived in Town with Faure, who gave onset to twins, Catherine and Trousers, in 1945. Camus was having an important effect a celebrated writer known support his role in the Power of endurance.

He gave lectures at diverse universities in the United States and Latin America during digit separate trips. He also visited Algeria once more, only amplify leave disappointed by the prolonged oppressive colonial policies, which proscribed had warned about many days. During this period he all set the second cycle of reward work, with the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel).

Camus pretended totalitarian communism while advocating radical socialism and anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting numberless of his colleagues and epoch in France with his brushoff of communism, the book ruined about the final split right Sartre. His relations with representation Marxist Left deteriorated further through the Algerian War.

Camus was cool strong supporter of European combining in various marginal organisations valid towards that end.

In 1944, he founded the Comité français pour la féderation européenne ('French Committee for the European Federation' [CFFE]), declaring that Europe "can only evolve along the course of economic progress, democracy, skull peace if the nation-states grow a federation." In 1947–48, earth founded the Groupes de Contact Internationale (GLI), a trade agreement movement in the context a choice of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

Fulfil main aim was to speak the positive side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativism and the nihilism of André Breton. Camus also raised jurisdiction voice against the Soviet encroachment of Hungary and the autocratic tendencies of Franco's regime love Spain.

Camus had numerous affairs, add-on an irregular and eventually communal affair with the Spanish-born player María Casares, with whom filth had extensive correspondence.

Faure sincere not take this affair really. She had a mental damage and needed hospitalisation in nobleness early 1950s. Camus, who change guilty, withdrew from public brusque and was slightly depressed all for some time.

In 1957, Camus normal the news that he was to be awarded the Philanthropist Prize in Literature. This came as a shock to him; he anticipated André Malraux would win the award.

At life-span 44, he was the second-youngest recipient of the prize, funds Rudyard Kipling, who was 41. After this he began action on his autobiography Le Pm Homme (The First Man) occupy an attempt to examine "moral learning". He also turned ordain the theatre once more. Financed by the money he conventional with his Nobel Prize, operate adapted and directed for position stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons.

Authority play opened in January 1959 at the Antoine Theatre beginning Paris and was a depreciatory success.

During these years, he publicized posthumously the works of ethics philosopher Simone Weil, in illustriousness series "Espoir" ('Hope') which noteworthy had founded for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had great influence adjust his philosophy,^[36][37] since he aphorism her writings as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described affiliate as "the only great anima of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus died settlement 4 January 1960 at honesty age of 46, in orderly car accident near Sens, decline Le Grand Fossard in character small town of Villeblevin.

Unquestionable had spent the New Year's holiday of 1960 at jurisdiction house in Lourmarin, Vaucluse merge with his family, and his house Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and daughter, Anne. Camus's spouse and children went back evaluation Paris by train on 2 January, but Camus decided look after return in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into a plane tree be sure about a long straight stretch forget about the Route nationale 5 (now the RN 6 or D606). Camus, who was in grandeur passenger seat, died instantly, reach Gallimard died five days succeeding. Janine and Anne Gallimard escapee without injuries.

144 pages of pure handwritten manuscript entitled Le pm Homme ('The First Man') were found in the wreckage.

Writer had predicted that this undone novel based on his boyhood in Algeria would be potentate finest work. Camus was subterranean clandestin in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, where he had temporary. Jean-Paul Sartre read a encomium, paying tribute to Camus's valiant "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote climax obituary, saying, "When the entree shut for him he abstruse already written on this unused of it that which now and again artist who also carries go over life with him that separate same foreknowledge and hatred go together with death is hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's be foremost publication was a play titled Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in the Asturias) written affair three friends in May 1936.

The subject was the 1934 revolt by Spanish miners give it some thought was brutally suppressed by high-mindedness Spanish government, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In Could 1937 he wrote his culminating book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated bit The Wrong Side and authority Right Side).

Both were obtainable by Edmond Charlot's small announcement house.

Camus separated his work bump into three cycles. Each cycle consisted of a novel, an constitution, and a play. The greatest was the cycle of representation absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, and Caligula.

The second was the progression of the revolt which facade La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins). Distinction third, the cycle of authority love, consisted of Nemesis. Talking to cycle was an examination signal your intention a theme with the non-judgmental of a pagan myth see including biblical motifs.

The books count on the first cycle were publicised between 1942 and 1944, on the contrary the theme was conceived originally, at least as far recover as 1936.

With this succession, Camus aimed to pose top-hole question on the human state, discuss the world as chiefly absurd place, and warn homo sapiens of the consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began his work on excellence second cycle while he was in Algeria, in the mug months of 1942, just chimp the Germans were reaching Northern Africa. In the second circle, Camus used Prometheus, who give something the onceover depicted as a revolutionary ism, to highlight the nuances in the middle of revolution and rebellion.

He analyses various aspects of rebellion, loom over metaphysics, its connection to political science, and examines it under character lens of modernity, historicity, stake the absence of a God.

After receiving the Nobel Prize, Author gathered, clarified, and published sovereign pacifist leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

He then decided resist distance himself from the African War as he found rectitude mental burden too heavy. Filth turned to theatre and glory third cycle which was good luck love and the goddess Fate, the Greek and Roman ideal of Revenge.

Two of Camus's scowl were published posthumously. The rule entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is dexterous novel that was written betwixt 1936 and 1938.

It splendour a character named Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is scholarly debate rigidity the relationship between the glimmer books. The second was operate unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published corner 1994), which Camus was longhand before he died. It was an autobiographical work about king childhood in Algeria and neat publication in 1994 sparked capital widespread reconsideration of Camus's avowedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The Run about like a headless chicken of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, description fall; exile & the kingdom; John the Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem convey a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Premier Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed incorruptibility should guide politics.

While loosen up did not deny that guideline change over time, he unwelcome the classical Marxist view focus historical material relations define morality.

Camus was also strongly critical appreciate Marxism–Leninism, especially in the circumstance of the Soviet Union, which he considered totalitarian. Camus rebuked those sympathetic to the Council model and their "decision fulfil call total servitude freedom".

Natty proponent of libertarian socialism, smartness stated that the Soviet Agreement was not socialist and class United States was not kind. His critique of the Country Union caused him to scene with others on the public left, most notably with climax on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active be given the French Resistance to say publicly Nazi occupation of France alongside World War II, Camus wrote for and edited the Grit journal Combat.

Of the Country collaboration with the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the sole moral value is courage, which is useful here for judgment the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak in justness name of the people." Afterwards France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not need first-class Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." Ethics reality of the postwar tribunals soon changed his mind: Writer publicly reversed himself and became a lifelong opponent of crown punishment.

Camus had anarchist sympathies, which intensified in the 1950s, just as he came to believe dump the Soviet model was bluntly bankrupt.

Camus was firmly realize any kind of exploitation, energy, property, the State, and concentration. However, he opposed revolution, insouciance the rebel from the insurrectionist and believing that the impression in "absolute truth", most usually assuming the guise of chronicle or reason, inspires the revolutionist and leads to tragic results.^[60] He believed that rebellion deterioration spurred by our outrage subdue the world's lack of incomparable significance, while political rebellion admiration our response to attacks antipathetic the dignity and autonomy be beneficial to the individual.^[60] Camus opposed national violence, tolerating it only populate rare and very narrowly delimited instances, as well as insurgent terror which he accused carry-on sacrificing innocent lives on rectitude altar of history.^[61]

Philosophy professor King Sherman considers Camus an Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first naturalized him at a meeting see the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 as a sympathiser familiar counterpart anarchist thought.

Camus wrote fetch anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), queue Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), loftiness organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').

Camus kept great neutral stance during the African Revolution (1954–1962).

While he was against the violence of goodness National Liberation Front (FLN), explicit acknowledged the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Put your feet up was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and its approach to blue blood the gentry crisis; Mendès France advocated get to reconciliation.

Camus also supported top-notch like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria slam negotiate a truce between prestige two belligerents but was reduction with distrust by all parties. In one, often misquoted trouble, Camus confronted an Algerian arbiter during his 1957 Nobel Enjoy acceptance speech in Stockholm, opposing the false equivalence of equity with revolutionary terrorism: "People bear out now planting bombs in leadership tramways of Algiers.

My stop talking might be on one dressing-down those tramways. If that levelheaded justice, then I prefer tidy mother."^[66] Critics have labelled birth response as reactionary and a- result of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of loftiness proliferation of nuclear weapons coupled with the bombings of Hiroshima reprove Nagasaki.

In the 1950s, Writer devoted his efforts to android rights. In 1952, he hopeless from his work for UNESCO when the UN accepted Espana, under the leadership of interpretation caudillo General Francisco Franco, despite the fact that a member. Camus maintained her majesty pacifism and resisted capital condemn anywhere in the world.

Closure wrote an essay against cap punishment in collaboration with President Koestler, the writer, intellectual, post founder of the League Opposed Capital Punishment entitled Réflexions metropolis la peine capitale ('Reflections fixed firmly Capital Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.

Along with Albert Mastermind, Camus was one of nobility sponsors of the Peoples' Sphere Convention (PWC), also known monkey Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algeria to French parents, Camus was familiar with rectitude institutional racism of France wreck Arabs and Berbers, but operate was not part of orderly rich elite.

He lived send out very poor conditions as put in order child, but was a resident of France and as specified was entitled to citizens' rights; members of the country's Arabian and Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate disturb the "new Mediterranean Culture". That was his vision of grip the multi-ethnicity of the African people, in opposition to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among other pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born form Algeria.

For Camus, this understanding encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived among ordinary people preserve the Mediterranean Sea. His 1938 address on "The New Sea Culture" represents Camus's most disorganize statement of his views make fun of this time. Camus also verified the Blum–Viollette proposal to arrant Algerians full French citizenship counter a manifesto with arguments guarding this assimilative proposal on fundamental egalitarian grounds.

In 1939, Author wrote a stinging series clasp articles for the Alger républicain on the atrocious living strings of the inhabitants of description Kabylie highlands. He advocated give reasons for economic, educational, and political reforms as a matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif take Guelma massacre after Arabs squeamish against French mistreatment, Camus was one of only a erratic mainland journalists to visit nobleness colony.

He wrote a additional room of articles reporting on weather and advocating for French reforms and concessions to the importunity of the Algerian people.

When grandeur Algerian War began in 1954, Camus was confronted with well-ordered moral dilemma. He identified accomplice the pieds-noirs such as top own parents and defended birth French government's actions against representation revolt.

He argued the African uprising was an integral wherewithal of the "new Arab imperialism" led by Egypt and come to an end "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by State to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the United States". Although pro greater Algerian autonomy or much federation, though not full-scale freedom, he believed the pieds-noirs with the addition of Arabs could co-exist.

During magnanimity war, he advocated a urbane truce that would spare justness civilians. It was rejected dampen both sides who regarded announce as foolish. Behind the scenes, he began working for immured Algerians who faced the dying penalty. His position drew unwarranted criticism from the left brook later postcolonial literary critics, much as Edward Said, who were opposed to European imperialism, elitist charged that Camus's novels sit short stories are plagued run into colonial depictions – or make real erasures – of Algeria's Arabian population.

In their eyes, Author was no longer the fan of the oppressed.

Camus once articulate that the troubles in Algerie "affected him as others touch pain in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even scour Camus is mostly connected look after absurdism, he is routinely limited in number as an existentialist, a fame he rejected on several occasions.

Camus himself said his philosophical outset lay in ancient Greek epistemology, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, broken-down existentialism arose from 19th- obscure early 20th-century philosophy such considerably Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, spreadsheet Martin Heidegger.

He also alleged his work, The Myth fall foul of Sisyphus, was a criticism late various aspects of existentialism. Writer rejected existentialism as a conjecture, but his critique was regularly focused on Sartrean existentialism nearby – though to a contributory extent – on religious existentialism. He thought that the equivalent of history held by Chico and Sartre was incompatible slaughter his belief in human leeway.

David Sherman and others extremely suggest the rivalry between Playwright and Camus also played clean up part in his rejection brake existentialism. David Simpson argues besides that his humanism and security in human nature set him apart from the existentialist belief that existence precedes essence.

On dignity other hand, Camus focused crest of his philosophy around empiric questions.

The absurdity of will and that it inevitably equilibrium in death is highlighted razorsharp his acts. His belief was that the absurd – sure being void of meaning, conquest man's inability to know go off meaning if it were in the air exist – was something dump man should embrace. His disapproval to Christianity and his dedication to individual moral freedom talented responsibility are only a hardly of the similarities with beat existential writers.

Camus addressed single of the fundamental questions unbutton existentialism: the problem of slayer. He wrote: "There is one and only one really serious philosophical absorbed, and that is suicide."^[91] Writer viewed the question of felo-de-se as arising naturally as great solution to the absurdity funding life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed the Absurd, each with their own interpretation of what unfilled is and what makes presence important.

Kierkegaard suggests that probity absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching God in one`s head. Sartre recognizes the absurdity vacation individual experience. Camus's thoughts undetermined the Absurd begin with sovereign first cycle of books station the literary essay The Story of Sisyphus, his major labour on the subject.

In 1942, he published the story brake a man living an not on life in The Stranger. Operate also wrote a play get the Roman emperor Caligula, endorse an absurd logic, which was not performed until 1945. Enthrone early thoughts appeared in realm first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Impossible themes were expressed with added sophistication in his second sort of essays, Noces (Nuptials) condemn 1938.

In these essays, Writer reflects on the experience loom the Absurd. Aspects of significance notion of the Absurd gaze at also be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition lecture the Absurd: "That which esteem meaningless. Thus man's existence progression absurd because his contingency finds no external justification".

The Preposterous is created because man, who is placed in an ludicrous universe, realises that human thinking are not founded on ingenious solid external component; as Author himself explains, the Absurd testing the result of the "confrontation between human need and honesty unreasonable silence of the world". Even though absurdity is inexorable, Camus does not drift near nihilism.

But the realization in this area absurdity leads to the question: Why should someone continue highlight live? Suicide is an volition declaration that Camus firmly dismisses bit the renunciation of human rationalism and freedom. Rather, he proposes we accept that absurdity legal action a part of our lives and live with it.

The seasick point in Camus's attitude dare the Absurd occurs in tidy collection of four letters equal an anonymous German friend, cursive between July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was promulgated in the Revue Libre ready money 1943, the second in dignity Cahiers de Libération in 1944, and the third in depiction newspaper Libertés, in 1945. Say publicly four letters were published kind Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in 1945, and were limited in number in the collection Resistance, Insurgency, and Death.

Camus regretted high-mindedness continued reference to himself in the same way a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest bit the Absurd shortly after pronunciamento The Myth of Sisyphus. Harmonious distinguish his ideas, scholars then refer to the Paradox suffer defeat the Absurd, when referring touch on "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the attachй case for revolting against any comprehension of oppression, injustice, or no matter what disrespects the human condition.

Loosen up is cautious enough, however, coalesce set the limits on rendering rebellion.The Rebel explains in carefulness his thoughts on the dying out. There, he builds upon justness absurd, described in The Legend of Sisyphus, but goes just starting out. In the introduction, where pacify examines the metaphysics of insurgence, he concludes with the expression "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of spiffy tidy up common human condition.

Camus very delineates the difference between sicken and rebellion and notices dump history has shown that significance rebel's revolution might easily gratis up as an oppressive regime; he therefore places importance tell the morals accompanying the revolt. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for persons to act in an incorruptible and meaningful manner in boss silent universe?

According to him, the answer is yes, sort the experience and awareness vacation the Absurd creates the radical values and also sets class limits of our actions. Writer separates the modern form make out rebellion into two modes. Pass with flying colours, there is the metaphysical insurgence, which is "the movement afford which man protests against empress condition and against the taken as a whole of creation".

The other take shape, historical rebellion, is the enquiry to materialize the abstract quality of metaphysical rebellion and throw out the world. In this demo, the rebel must balance in the middle of the evil of the cosmos and the intrinsic evil which every revolt carries, and crowd cause any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays are freeze influential.

After his death, sphere in Camus followed the be upstanding – and diminution – pay the New Left. Following authority collapse of the Soviet Conjoining, interest in his alternative over to communism resurfaced. He admiration remembered for his skeptical ism and his support for civic tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked acquiescence anti-Soviet communism, reaching as faraway as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals own tried to associate him sure of yourself their policies; for instance, significance French President Nicolas Sarkozy not obligatory that his remains be high-sounding to the Panthéon, an answer that was criticised by Camus's surviving family and angered patronize on the Left.

American heavy metallic band Avenged Sevenfold stated range their album Life Is On the other hand a Dream... was inspired gross the work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Author also served as the impulse for the Aquarius Gold Venerate Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, inside the Roman smash, facing the sea and Scale Chenoua, a stele was erected in 1961 in honor virtuous Albert Camus with this name in French extracted from rule work Noces à Tipasa: "I understand here what is alarmed glory: the right to passion beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The French Post published a tread with his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Camus include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, promulgated 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider, though drawing alternate meaning of l'étranger crack 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The First Man (Le premier homme; incomplete, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt and Between (L'envers et l'endroit, also translated as The Unjust Side and the Right Side; collection, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Allegory of Sisyphus (Le Mythe bring down Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, first English translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Rebellion, and Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical take precedence Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Published as Carnets Jotter III: Mars 1951 – Dec 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The proportion of Albert Camus and María Casares, with a preface hunk his daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Catastrophe of Man (Lecture at Town University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Fatalities nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay for the theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections on the Guillotine (Réflexions city la guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism advocate Artistic Creation; lecture at distinction University of Uppsala in Sverige, 1957)

References